Email this article 
The Role of Fiqh al-Siyar in International Law-Making: Escaping the Lethargy
1 Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2 Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
* Corresponding Author
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.602.509-546
Abstract
International law has developed since its pre-20th century consent-based positivistic framework to ‘international law-making’ where the role of state sovereignty is seen to have eroded. This development, however, still reproduces its pre-20th century colonialist features against non-European (including Islamic) legal thought, pushing them to the peripheries of relevance. Recently, countering that, stronger voices have demanded international law to generally include non-European and specifically Islamic international legal scholarship. However, while having a very rich body of classical scholarship, contemporary literature of fiqh al-siyar (Islamic international law) suffers from lethargy. It neither mentions nor responds to the trend of international law-making. This article, employing a literature-based research approach, bridges the gap of that lethargy so that fiqh al-siyar could develop to properly respond to the current trend of international law-making. It is found that fiqh al-siyar must critically adopt and respond to the features of international law-making, and all actors must utilize all channels to participate in its process.
[Hukum Internasional telah berkembang jauh sebelum abad 20 dalam kerangka dasar isi yang positivistik dalam pembentukannya, dimana peran kedaulatan negara mulai terlihat berkurang. Hal ini terus berkembang sampai berwajah kolonial yang mengabaikan dan meminggirkan hukum non Eropa, termasuk hukum Islam. Namun akhir-akhir ini muncul suara yang menginginkan bahwa hukum internasional harus mengakui secara umum hukum non Eropa dan khususnya pemikiran hukum Internasional Islam. Alih alih memberikan kontribusi dalam pemikiran klasik, literatur kontemporer hukum internasional Islam (fiqh al-siyar) justru mengalami kelesuan. Bukan hanya tidak disebut tapi juga tidak merespon perkembangan hukum internasional. Dengan pendekatan kajian literatur, tulisan ini berusaha menjembatani kesenjangan kelesuan tersebut agar hukum internasional Islam (fiqh al-siyar) dapat berkembang dan merespon dengan baik trend saat ini. Selain itu, fiqh al-siyar harus secara kritis dalam mengadopsi dan merespon perkembangan hukum internasional, serta semua aktor harus mendayagunakan semua saluran untuk terlibat dalam proses tersebut.]
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abd-Allah, Umar F., “Theological Dimensions of Islamic Law”, in The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology, ed. by Tim Winter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 237–57.
Abdullah, Daud Vicary and Keon Chee, Islamic Finance: Why It Makes Sense, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Corp/Ccb, 2010.
Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad, Hak-Hak Pencarian Suaka dalam Syariat Islam dan Hukum Internasional (Suatu Kajian Perbandingan), trans. by Asmawi, Jakarta: UNHCR Indonesia and Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2011.
Afsah, Ebrahim, “Contested Universalities of International Law. Islam’s Struggle with Modernity”, Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international, vol. 10, no. 2, 2008, pp. 259–307 [https://doi.org/10.1163/157180508X359855 ].
Ahmad Kasule, Umar, Pursuit of Human Dignity and Justice: Islamic Alternative Values to Human Rights, Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Noordeen, 2008.
Alahmad, Ghiath and Kris Dierickx, “What Do Islamic Institutional Fatwas Say About Medical and Research Confidentiality and Breach of Confidentiality?”, Developing World Bioethics, vol. 12, no. 2, 2012, pp. 104–12 [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00329.x ].
Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib, Islam and Secularism, Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 1993.
----, Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islam: an Exposition of the Fundamental Elements of the Worldview of Islam, Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 1995.
----, Risalah Untuk Kaum Muslimin, Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC, 2001.
Albar, Mohammed, “Organ Transplantation: A Sunni Islamic {erspective”, Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, vol. 23, no. 4, 2012, pp. 817–22 [https://doi.org/10.4103/1319-2442.98169 ].
Al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl, Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 1, Riyadh: Darussalam, 1997.
Al-Dawoody, A., The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Al-Fauzan, Shalih bin Fauzan, Syarah Nawaaqidhul Islam, Jakarta: Akbar Media, 2017.
Al-Fazari, Abu Ishaq, Kitab al-Siyar, Beirut: Muassasat al-Risala, 1987.
Al-Khasawneh, Awn S., “Islam and International Law”, in Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives, ed. by Marie-Luisa Frick and Andreas Th. Müller, Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2013, pp. 29–42.
Al-Maqdīsī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad ibn Qudāmah, Al-Mughni, vol. 10, Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhirah, 1968.
Al-Nawawī, Yaḥya ibn Sharaf, Tahdhīb al-asmā’ wa-al-lughāt, vol. 3, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 1977.
----, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim Sharḥ Al-Nawawī, vol. 12, Damascus: Dar al-Khayr, 1995.
Al-Naysābūrī, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj, Sahih Muslim, vol. 1, Riyadh: Darussalam, 2007.
Al-Sijistānī, Abu Dawud Sulaymān ibn al-Ash‘ath, Sunan Abu Dawud, vol. 3, Riyadh: Darussalam, 2008.
Al-Utsaimin, Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih, “Menganggap Tauhid Hakimiyah Merupakan Tauhid Keempat, Ia Adalah Mubtadi’’, Majalah Ilmiah Islamy: Salafy, vol. XXI, 1997.
Amin, el-Tigani Mohd, “Kitab al-Ta`rifat of al-Jurjani: An Annotated English Translation and Evaluation Study”, PhD. Dissertation, Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic University Malaysia, 2005.
Anghie, Antony, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
----, “International Human Rights Law and a Developing World Perspective”, in Routledge Handbook of International Human Rights Law, New York: Routledge, 2013, pp. 109–25.
---- (eds.), The Third World and International Order: Law, Politics and Globalization, Leiden: Brill, 2021.
---- (eds.), The TWAIL Handbook (Forthcoming), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023.
An-Na’im, Abdullahi, “Islamic Law, International Relations, and Human Rights: Challenge and Response”, Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, 1987, pp. 317–36.
An-Nawawi, Imam Al-Hafizh and Syaikh Muhammad Shalih al-Utsaimin, Syarah Hadits 40 Arba’in An-Nawawi, trans. by Muhyiddin Mas Rida, Yogyakarta: Media Hidayah, 2006.
d’Aspremont, Jean, “International Law-Making by Non-State Actors: Changing the Model or Putting the Phenomenon into Perspective?”, in Non-State Actor Dynamics in International Law, ed. by Cedric Ryngaert and Math Noortmann, Farnham: Routledge, 2010.
Badawi, Nesrine, “Regulation of armed conflict: critical comparativism”, Third World Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 11, 2016, pp. 1990–2009 [https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1186491 ].
Bashir, Khaled Ramadan, Islamic International Law: Historical Foundations and Al-Shaybani’s Siyar, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2018.
Basyir, Ahmad Azhar, Ikhtisar Hukum Internasional Islam:, Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2010.
Boisard, Marcel A., “On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, 1980, pp. 429–50 [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800054805 ].
Boyle, Alan and Christine Chinkin, The Making of International Law, Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Brölmann, Catherine, “Law-Making Treaties: Form and Function in International Law”, Nordic Journal of International Law, vol. 74, nos. 3–4, 2005, pp. 383–403 [https://doi.org/10.1163/157181005774939887 ].
Chimni, B.S., “Customary International Law: A Third World Perspective”, American Journal of International Law, vol. 112, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1–46 [https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.12 ].
Danilenko, G.M., Law-Making in the International Community, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993.
Daud, Wan Mohd Nor Wan, The Educational Philosophy and Practice of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas: An Exposition of the Original Concept of Islamization, Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thoughts and Civilization, 2003.
----, Islamization of Contemporary Knowledge and the Role of the University in the Context of De-Westernization and Decolonization, Johor Baru: UTM Press, 2013.
Denffer, Ahmad Von, Ulum al Qur’an: An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur’an, Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 2009.
Farrar, Salim, “The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Forever on the Periphery of Public International Law?”, Chinese Journal of International Law, vol. 13, no. 4, 2014, pp. 787–817 [https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmu035 ].
Fassbender, Bardo and Anne Peters (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Fitzmaurice, G.G., “Law of Treaties (agenda item 2)”, in Yearbook 0f The International Law Commission 1958, vol. II, New York: United Nations, 1957.
Food and Agriculture Organization - World Health Organization, “About Codex Alimentarius”, Codex Alimentarius: International Food Standards, https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/about-codex/en/#c453333, accessed 26 Jul 2022.
Ford, Christopher A., “Siyar-ization and Its Discontents: International Law and Islam’s Constitutional Crisis”, in International Law and Islamic Law, ed. by MashoodA. Baderin, London: Routledge, 2017, pp. 19–53.
Fraser, Julie, “Exploring Legal Compatibilities and Pursuing Cultural Legitimacy: Islamic Law and the International Criminal Court”, in Intersections of Law and Culture at the International Criminal Court, ed. by Julie Fraser and Brianne McGonigle Leyh, Rochester, NY: Edward Elgar, 2020.
General Assembly, Report of the International Law Commission:, General Assembly Official Records, no. Supplement No. 10 (A/74/10), New York: United Nation, 2019, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G19/243/93/PDF/G1924393.pdf?OpenElement, accessed 1 Mar 2020.
Goldsmith, Jack L. and Eric A. Posner, The Limits of International Law, Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Hallaq, Wael, The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity’s Moral Predicament, New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.
Hamidullah, Muhammad, Muslim Conduct of State, Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 2011.
Hamka, Tafsir Al-Azhar, vol. 3, Singapure: Pustaka Nasional, 1982.
Al-Ḥanafi, ‘Alī Ibn Abī Al-’Izz, Sharḥ al-’Aqīdah Al-Ṭaḥawiyyah, vol. 2, Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risalah, 1997.
Hathaway, Oona and Scott Shapiro, “Outcasting: Enforcement in Domestic and International Law”, Yale Law Journal, vol. 121, no. 2, 2011.
Ismail, Muhammad-Basheer A., Islamic Law and Transnational Diplomatic Law: A Quest for Complementarity in Divergent Legal Theories, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Johnstone, Ian, “Law-making through the Operational Activities of International Organizations”, George Washington International Law Review, vol. 40, 2008.
Kasule, Umar Ahmad, Contemporary Muslims and Human Rights Discourse: A Critical Assessment, Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press, 2009.
Katsir, Imam ibn, Shahih Tafsir Ibnu Katsir, vol. 3, trans. by Safiurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Jakarta: Pustaka Ibnu Katsir, 2006.
----, Shahih Tafsir Ibnu Katsir, vol. 4, trans. by Safiurrahman Al-Mubarakfuri, Jakarta: Pustaka Ibnu Katsir, 2006.
Khalilieh, Hassan, Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought, Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Khan, Zara, “Refractions Through the Secular: Islam, Human Rights and Universality”, PhD. Dissertation, New York: City University of New York, 2016.
Koskenniemi, Martti, “What Use for Sovereignty Today?”, Asian Journal of International Law, vol. 1, no. 1, 2011, pp. 61–70 [https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251310000044 ].
Latipulhayat, Atip, “New Face of International Law From Western to Global Construct”, Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law), vol. 7, no. 1, 2020, pp. 43–63.
Lombardi, Clark, “Islamic Law in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice: An Analysis”, Chicago Journal of International Law, vol. 8, no. 1, 2007.
Mansur, Ali Ali, Syari’at Islam dan Hukum Internasional Umum, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1973.
Mayer, Benoît, “The ‘Magic Circle’ of Rights Holders: Human Rights’ Outsiders”, in Critical International Law: Postrealism, Postcolonialism, and Transnationalism, ed. by Prabhakar Singh and Benoît Mayer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 198–219.
McNair, Arnold D., “International Legislation”, Iowa Law Review, vol. 19, no. 2, 1934, pp. 177–89.
Mohamad, Yusri, Contemporary Ijtihad: An Analysis of Individual and Collective Approaches, Kuala Lumpur: Islamic and Strategic Studies Institute, 2010.
Muhammadin, Fajri Matahati et al., “Lashing in Qanun Aceh and the Convention Against Torture; A Critical Appraisal”, Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, vol. 7, no. 1, 2019, pp. 11–24 [https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.v7i1.173 ].
----, Mukadimah Fikih Siyar: Pokok-Pokok Hukum Internasional Islam Kontemporer, Yogyakarta: Bentala Tamadun Nusantara, 2021.
Muhammadin, Fajri and Mohd Hisham Mohd Kamal, “The Western Universalism v. Cultural Relativism Debate on Human Rights and Islam - An ‘Aqidah-Based Approach”, Afkar: Jurnal of Aqidah and Islamic Thought, vol. 21, no. 2, 2019, pp. 175–216.
“Muslim World League chief praised for global efforts to combat extremism”, Arab News, 8 Nov 2018, https://www.arabnews.com/node/1401631/saudi-arabia, accessed 11 Oct 2020.
Mutua, Makau, “Savages, Victims, and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights”, Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 42, no. 1, 2001, pp. 201–45.
Mutua, Makau W., “What is Twail?”, in Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, vol. 94, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Nyazee, Imran Ahsan Khan, Islamic Jurisprudence: Uṣūl Al-Fiqh, Selangor: Other Press, 2003.
Petersen, Marie Juul, “Muslim NGOs, Aid, and Human Rights”, OpenGlobalRights, 17 Apr 2014, https://www.openglobalrights.org/muslim-ngos-aid-and-human-rights/, accessed 11 Oct 2020.
Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal, The Evolution of Fiqh (Islamic Law and the Madh-habs, Riyadh: Tawheed Publication, 1990.
Powell, Emilia Justyna and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, “Forum Shopping for the Best Adjudicator: Conflict Management and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, presented at the UNCLOS, Department of Political Science, University of Northern Illinois, Oct 2011.
Qardhawi, Yusuf, Fiqih Jihad, Bandung: Mizan, 2010.
Quthb, Sayyid, Tafsir Fi Zhilalil-Qur’an Di Bawah Naungan Al-Qur’an, vol. 12, Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2002.
Rushd, Ibn, The Distinguished Jurist’s Primer Volume II: Bidayat Al-Mujtahid Wa Nihayat Al-Muqtasid: 2, vols 1–2, trans. by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee, Reading: Garnet Publishing, 1996.
Ryngaert, Cedric and Math Noortmann (eds.), Non-State Actor Dynamics in International Law: From Law-Takers to Law-Makers, Farnham: Routledge, 2010.
al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Sharh al-siyar al-kabir, Cairo: Al-Shirkah al-Sharqiyyah li l-I‘lānāt, 1917.
----, Al-Mabsūṭ Fī al-Fiqh, vol. 10, Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah, 1986.
Sharfeddin, Hanan A., “Examining performance variables of nongovernmental organizations with Consultative Status with the United Nations”, PhD. Dissertation, Arizona, United States: University of Phoenix, 2008.
Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, 6th edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Singh, Prabhakar and Benoît Mayer, “Introduction: Thinking International Law Critically One Attitude, Three Perspectives”, in Critical International Law: Postrealism, Postcolonialism, and Transnationalism, ed. by Prabhakar Singh and Benoît Mayer, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 1–26 [https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450633.003.0014 ].
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, “Governing the Global Economy through Government Networks”, in The Role of Law in International Politics: Essays in International Relations and International Law, ed. by Michael Byers, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
al-Syaukānī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī, Fatḥ al-Qadīr, vol. 5, Beirut: Dar al-Ma’rifah, 2007.
Taymiyyah, Aḥmad ibn `Abd al-Ḥalīm Ibn, Majmu‘ Al-Fatāwa, vol. 31, Cairo: Dar al-Wafa, 2005.
Waltz, Susan, “Universal Human Rights: The Contribution of Muslim States”, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 4, 2004, pp. 799–844.
Weeramantry, C.G., Islamic Jurisprudence: An International Perspective, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 1988.
Yūsuf Al-Qaraḍāwi, Ri’āyat al-Bī‘ah fi Sharī’ah al-Islām, Beirut: Dar Al-Shurūq, 2001.
Zahid, Anowar and Rohimi Shapiee, “Considering Custom in the Making of Siyar (Islamic International Law)”, Journal of East Asia and International Law, vol. 3, no. 1, 2010, pp. 123–35 [https://doi.org/10.14330/jeail.2010.3.1.06 ].
Zuhaili, Wahbah, Fiqih Islam wa Adillatuhu, vol. 8, Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 2011.
Copyright (c) 2022 Fajri Matahati Muhammadin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
ISSN: 0126-012X (p); 2338-557X (e) Al-Jami'ah Research Centre Yogyakarta - Indonesia |
All publications by Al-Jami'ah Journal of Islamic Studies are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License |
