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The Signal of Noah's Flood: A Theological and Chronological Evaluation of Fāra al-Tannūr as a Volcanic Eruption
Burhan Institute of Research, Sheffield, United Kingdom
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2025.632.383-429
Abstract
This article evaluates a volcanic reading of the Quranic phrase “fāra al-tannūr” (Q 11:40; 23:27). Starting from the widely accepted sense of the root f-w-r as “overflowing”, it asks whether, for the early-seventh-century Ḥijāzī community, al-tannūr could denote a volcanic feature; where it might be located; whether its eruption can be dated; and how testable these answers are in light of geological and archaeological evidence. The study applies four criteria—internal evidence, comparative philology, narrative function, and external corroboration—to evaluate the volcanic-eruption scenario, revealing its comparability with the ancient Hell-tannūr theological cluster that pairs fāra al-tannūr with Hell tafūr (Q 67:7). Through a systematic survey of a global volcanic database, the article isolates the Tendürek volcano (located in eastern Turkey) as a compelling candidate on philological and onomastic grounds. Published volcanological work on Tendürek is used to establish a temporal window for a major eruptive activity, which this study suggests as a noteworthy temporal correlation with an intersecting demographic bottleneck visible in the archaeological record. As a case study in Quranic hermeneutics, the article offers a testable framework that links philological grounding, a concrete locus, and a provisional temporal window to a plausible, intersecting demographic event, indicating how further research could refine or falsify the proposal.
[Artikel ini mengevaluasi pembacaan vulkanologis terhadap frasa Al-Qur’an fāra al-tannūr (Q.S. 11:40; 23:27). Berangkat dari makna akar kata f-w-r yang secara luas diterima sebagai “meluap”, artikel ini mempertanyakan apakah, bagi komunitas Ḥijāz pada awal abad ketujuh, istilah al-tannūr dapat merujuk pada suatu fitur vulkanik; di mana lokasinya mungkin berada; apakah peristiwa erupsinya dapat ditentukan secara kronologis; serta sejauh mana jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut dapat diuji melalui bukti geologis dan arkeologis. Penelitian ini menerapkan empat kriteria—bukti internal, filologi komparatif, fungsi naratif, dan koroborasi eksternal—untuk mengevaluasi skenario erupsi vulkanik tersebut, yang menunjukkan kesamaanna dengan klaster teologis kuno “Neraka–tannūr” (Hell-tannūr), yang mengaitkan ungkapan fāra al-tannūr dengan Hell tafūr (Q.S. 67:7). Melalui survei sistematis terhadap basis data vulkanik global, artikel ini mengidentifikasi Gunung Tendürek (terletak di Turki bagian timur) sebagai kandidat yang meyakinkan berdasarkan pertimbangan filologis dan onomastik. Kajian-kajian vulkanologi yang telah dipublikasikan mengenai Tendürek digunakan untuk menetapkan suatu rentang waktu bagi aktivitas erupsi besar, yang dalam penelitian ini diusulkan memiliki korelasi temporal yang patut diperhatikan dengan suatu penyempitan demografis yang tampak dalam catatan arkeologis. Sebagai sebuah studi kasus dalam hermeneutika Al-Qur’an, artikel ini menawarkan suatu kerangka kerja yang dapat diuji yang menghubungkan landasan filologis, lokasi geografis yang konkret, serta jendela kronologis yang bersifat sementara dengan suatu peristiwa demografis yang masuk akal dan saling beririsan, yang menunjukkan bagaimana kajian lanjutan dapat menyempurnakan atau membantah hipotesis yang diajukan.]
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