Islam and the Changing Meaning of Spiritualitas and Spiritual in Contemporary Indonesia
Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University (UIN) Yogyakarta, Indonesia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.501.23-56
Abstract
Spiritualitas, an Indonesian term derived from English word’s spirituality, and spiritual from English’s spiritual, are now commonly used in Indonesian discourses. This paper traces earliest usages of the term spiritualitas and spiritual and then explores their changing meaning in contemporary Indonesia. Unlike in the past, where Indonesian government broadly used the terms to refer indigenous mystical legacies of the Aliran Kepercayaan or Kebatinan designing them as not religion but merely cultural legacy (adat, budaya spiritual), the current usage of the terms indicates a growing trend of Indonesian world religions, mainly Islam, in absorbing and acquiring the terms as kind of religious expressions. This trend is quite different from that happen in the West; while the growing of spirituality is correlated to the declining of Western affiliation and participation in religion, mainly Christianity; in Indonesia, world religions, especially Islam, seem to be the sponsor of spirituality. Thus, instead of spirituality will silently take over religion as predicted by Jaremy Carrette and Richard King (2005), the mainstream religious groups seem to take over spirituality.
[Istilah spiritual dan spiritulitas akhir-akhir ini banyak digunakan di Indonesia, merujuk tidak hanya pada ekspresi spiritual di luar agama, namun juga yang ada dalam tradsi keagaamaan. Tulisan ini menelaah awal mula penggunaan istilah spiritual dan spiritualitas dalam khazanah literatur pasca kemerdekaan serta fase-fase perubahan makna dari istilah tersebut pada masa-masa sesudahnya. Pada fase awal, pemerintah Indonesia secara massif menggunakan istilah spiritual untuk menunjuk tradisi keberagamaan di luar agama-agama resmi yang berbasis pada mistisisme agama-agama lokal seperti Aliran Kepercayaan dan Kebatinan. Hal ini mengisyaratkan bahwa istilah spiritual tersebut digunakan untuk menekankan bahwa tradisi beragamaan lokal tersebut bukan agama, hanya warisan budaya atau adat istiadat. Namun, kecenderangan baru sejak akhir 1990an hingga saat ini menunjukkan bahwa agama-agama resmi, terutama Islam, secara massif telah menggunakan istilah spiritual maupun spiritualitas sebagai padanan dari ekspresi batin keberagamaan (inner religious expression). Trend semacam ini cukup unik bila dibandingkan dengan yang terjadi di Barat, sebab tumbuh suburnya gerakan spiritual di Barat terjadi pada saat menurunnya tingkat afiliasi publik terhadap agama-agama besar, terutama Kristen; sedangkan di Indonesia agama-agama besar dunia, terutama Islam, menjadi sponsor utama populernya istilah spiritual dan spiritualitas serta munculnya gerakan-gerakan spiritual berbasis agama. Oleh karena itu, prediksi Jaremy Carrete dan Richard King yang menyatakan “pengambil alihan peran agama oleh spiritualitas” sebagaimana yang terjadi di dunia Barat, tidak terjadi di Indonesia. Sebaliknya, yang terjadi di Indonesia adalah agama-agama besar dunia telah mengambil alih peran dan fungsi spiritualitas.]
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agustian, A. G., Rahasia Sukses Membangun Kecerdasan Emosi dan Spiritual ESQ (Emotional Spiritual Quotient): Berdasarkan 6 Rukun Iman dan 5 Rukun Islam, Jakarta: Arga, 2001.
Aidit, S., Catatan Spiritual di Balik Sosok Sobron Aidit, Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia, 2005.
Al-Kamal, S. M. A., Mukjizat Shalat Malam: Meraih Spiritualitas Rasulullah, trans. I. Kurniawan, Bandung: Mizania, 2009.
Anderson, B., Java in the Time of Revolution, Ithaca-London: Cornell University Press, 1972.
Artawijaya, Gerakan Theosofi di Indonesia: Menelusuri Jejak Kebatinan Yahudi Sejak Masa Hindia Belanda Hingga Era Reformasi, Jakarta: Pustaka Al-Kautsar, 2010.
Buzan, Tony, The Power of Spiritual Intelligence: Sepuluh Cara Jadi Orang yang Cerdas Secara Spiritual, trans. A. T. Kanjono & F. Fialita, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2003.
Bruinessen, Martin van, “Saint, Politiciant and Sufi Bureaucrats: Mysticism and Politics in Indonesian’s New Order,” in Martin van Bruinessen & Julia. D. Howell (eds), Sufism and the ‘Modern’ in Islam, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2007.
Byrne, Rhonda, The Secret, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008.
Carrette, Jeremy, & King, Richard, Selling Spirituality, the Silent Takeover of Religion, London-New York: Routledge, 2005.
Compte-Spoville, A., Spiritualitas Tanpa Tuhan, trans. U. Tauhida, Jakarta: Alvabet, 2007.
Danarto, Gerak Gerik Allah: Sejumput Hikmah Spiritual, Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 1996.
Dawud, M. Isa, Dialog dengan Jin Muslim: Pengalaman Spiritual, trans. A. Muhammad, Bandung: Pustaka Hidayah, 1995.
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Pembinaan Organisasi dan Pelestarian Budaya Spiritual, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1985.
----, Pengkajian Nilai-nilai Luhur Budaya Spiritual Bangsa Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta: Kantor Wilayah Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan DIY, 1990.
----, Naskah Pemaparan Budaya Spiritual Yayasan Sosrokartono, Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan R.I., 1991.
----, Budaya Spiritual dalam Situs Keramat di Gunung Kawi, Jawa Timur. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan R.I., 1994.
Dyer, Wayne. W., There is Spiritual Solution to Every Problem, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005.
Efferin, R. B., Sains & Spiritualitas: dari Nalar Fisika hingga Bahasa Para Dewa, Jakarta: One Earth Media, 2006.
ESQ LC., “About Us,” Your Partner in Character Building, http://www.esqway165.com/id/about-us/; retrieved 10 September, 2011.
Farrer, D. S., “Shadows of the Prophet Martial Arts and Sufi Mysticism,” Muslims in Global Societies Series, 1, 2, 2009.
Federspiel, Howard. M., A Dictionary of Indonesian Islam, Athens-Ohio: Ohio University, Center for International Studies, 1995.
Ghani, M. A., The Spirituality in Business: Pencerahan Hati Bagi Pelaku Usaha, Jakarta: Pena Budi Aksara, 2005.
Gilbert, R. A., “Occultism,” Britannica Academic Edition; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/424235/occultism; retrieved 10 March, 2011.
Gobe, E., & Andrianse, C., Nasihat-nasihat C. Snouck Hurgonje Semasa Kepegawaiannya pada Pemerintah Hindia Belanda 1889-1936, trans. Sukarsi, Jakarta: INIS, 1992.
Grand Lodge of British and Yukon, Annie Wood Besant; http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/esoterica/besant_a/besant_a.html; retrieved 5 December, 2011.
Griffin, D. R., Visi-visi Postmodern: Spiritualitas dan Masyarakat, trans. A. G. Admiranto, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1988.
Hadiwiyono, Harun, Man in the Present Javanese Mysticism, Baarn, Netherlands: Bosch & Keuning, 1967.
Haeri, Shaikh, F., Jelajah Diri: Panduan Psikologi Spiritual Membangun Kepribadian, Jakarta: Serambi, 2004.
Hakim, Lukman & Wikayanto, Spiritual Based Management : Memimpin dan Bekerja Berbasis Spiritual, Jakarta: Hikmah, 2007.
Hamka, Perkembangan Kebatinan di Indonesia, Djakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1971.
Hartono, Puji & Pranowo, Spiritual Quantum Smile: Raih Sukses Dunia Akhirat dengan Senyum Dahsyat Memikat, Yogyakarta: Pro-U, 2010.
Heelas, Paul, The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity, Oxford-Cambridge, Massasuchet: Blackwell, 1996.
---- & Linda Woodhead, The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub., 2005.
Hoesterey, J. B., “Marketing Morality: the Rise, Fall and Rebranding of Aa Gym,” in Greg Fealy & Sally White (eds), Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008.
----, “Sufis and Self-help Gurus: Islamic Psychology, Religious Authority, and Muslim Subjectivity in Contemporary Indonesia,” PhD Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, 2009.
Howe, D. G., “Sumarah: A study of the Art of Living,” PhD Thesis, University Microfilms International, University of North Carolina, 1980.
Howell, Julia. D., “Vehicles for the Kalki Avatar: The Experiments of a Javanese Guru in Rationalizing Ecstatic Religion,” PhD Dissertation, Stanford University, 1976.
----, “Indonesia: Searching for Concensus,” in C. Cardarola (ed.), Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East, Berlin: Mouton Publisher, 1982.
----, “Kebatinan,” in James. J. Fox (ed.), Indonesian Heritage: Religion and Ritual, Singapore: Archipelago Press, 1998.
----, “Sufism and the Indonesian Islamic Revival,” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 60, no. 3, August 2001.
----, “Spirituality’ vs. ‘Religion’ Indonesian Style: Framing and Re-framing Experiential Religiosity in Contemporary Indonesian Islam,” Paper presented at the the 15th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, 2004. http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/Howell-J-ASAA2004.pdf.
----, “The New Spiritualities, East and West: Collonial Legacies and the Global Spiritual Marketplace in Southeast Asia,” ASSR, 19(1) 2006.
----, “Modernity and Islamic Spirituality in Indonesia’s New Sufi Networks,” in Martin van Bruinessen & Julia D. Howell (eds), Sufism and the ‘Modern’ in Islam, New York: IB Tauris, 2007.
----, “Disenchantment, Re-enchantment and the Globalized Politics of Religion in Southeast Asian Islam,” Paper presented at the STS 48: Spirituality vs. Religion in Global Context, ISSR/SISR Conference, Leipzig, 2007b.
----, “Modulations of Active Piety: Professors and Televangelists as Promoters of Indonesian “Sufisme,”” in Greg Fealy & Sally White (eds), Expressing Islam Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, Singapore: ISEAS, 2008.
----, “Indonesia’s Salafis Sufi,” Modern Asia Studies, 44, 2010, 1029-1051.
Ilyas, U., “SK Trimurti: Pejuang Pembebasan Nasional,” Berdikari Online; http://berdikarionline.com/opini/20100916/sk-trimurti-wartawati-pejuang-pembebasan-nasional.html; retrieved September 16, 2010.
Jacobs, Tom, Theologi dan Spiritualitas, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1994.
Jaya, T. P., Penipuan Berkedok Spiritual: Waspadai Trik dan Sihir, Solo: Aneka, 1999.
Jensen, J. S., & Leopold, A. M., Syncretism in Religion: A Reader, London: Equinox, 2004.
Kartodirjo, Sartono, “Religious Movements of Java in 19th and 20th Centuries,” in Sartono Kartodirjo (ed.), Profiles of Malay Culture, Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture, Directorate General of Culture, 1976.
----, Laporan-laporan tentang Gerakan Protest di Jawa pada Abad XX, trans. S. Kartodirjo, Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Indonesia, 1981.
Martokoesoema, P. H., Spiritual Thinking; Sukses dengan Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) dan Tasawuf, Bandung: Mizan Pustaka, 2007.
Masruri, Sukses Profesi Spiritual: Etika Konsultasi yang Berwibawa, Solo: Aneka, 1999.
Melton, G., J. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology A compedium of Information on the Occult Science, Magic, Demonology, Supersition, Spiritism, Mysticism, Metaphusics, Psycal Science, and Parapsychology, Detroit: Gale Group, 2001.
Muhammad, Ramadhan dan Pencerahan Spiritual, Jakarta: Erlangga, 2005.
Muhyidin, M., Kasidah-kasidah Cinta: Novel Spiritual Keajaiban Cinta, Yogyakarta: Diva Press, 2007.
Mulder, Niels, Mysticism & Everyday Life in Contemporary Java: Cultural Persistence and Change, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1978.
Mustapha, S., A Journey to Islam: Pengembaraan Spiritual Seorang Muslimah Australia, Bandung: Pustaka Bani Quraisy, 2004.
Nasr, Sayyed Hossein, Spiritualitas Islam: Ensiklopedia Tematis, Bandung: Mizan, 1985.
----, Spiritualitas dan Seni Islam, Bandung: Mizan, 1987.
Nata, Abudin, Pendidikan Spiritual dalam Tradisi Keislamanan, Bandung: Angkasa, 2003.
Nitimihardjo, H., Kutemukan Tuhan di Balik Penyakit Gagal Ginjal: Otobiografi Spiritual Handjojo Nitimihardjo, Jakarta: Pustaka Antara Utama, 1998.
Nugraha, I. P., Mengikis Batas Timur dan Barat: Gerakan Theosofi & Nasionalisme Indonesia, Jakarta: Komunitas Bambu, 2001.
Nur’aeni, Z., “The Phenomenon of Abdullah Gymnastiar and Darut Tauhid: A Notion of Pietization,” Paper presented at the Graduate Workshop on Piety and Pietization in Asia, Asia Research Institute, NUS, Singapore, 2007.
Partadiredja, Ace, Al Qur’an: Mu’jizat, Karomat, Maunat dan Hukum Evolusi Spiritual, Yogyakarta: Dana Bhakti Prima Yasa, 1997.
Pierce, G. F. A., Spirituality@Work: 10 Cara Menyeimbangkan Hidup Anda di Tempat Kerja, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2006.
Pratomo, E., Membangun Kecerdasan Finansial dengan Nilai-nilai Spiritualitas, Jakarta: Arga Publishing, 2008.
Purwadi, Gerakan Spiritual Syekh Siti Jenar, Yogyakarta: Media Abadi, 2004.
Purwadi, et al. (eds), Jejak Para Wali dan Ziarah Spiritual, Jakarta: Kompas, 2006.
Purwadi, T., Online dengan Allah: 24 Jam Membangkitkan Kembali Spiritualitas Anda, Bandung: Madania, 2007.
Rasjidi, M., Islam dan Kebatinan, Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1974.
Ricklefs, M. C., A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1200, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001.
----, Mystic Synthesis in Java: A Hystory of Islamization from the Fourteenth to the early Nineteenth Centuries, Nortwalk: Signature Books, 2006.
----, Polarizing Javanese Society: Islamic, and Other Visions, 1830-1930, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
Rudnyckyj, Daromir, “Market Islam in Indonesia,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (NS), 2009.
----, “Spiritual Economies: Islam dan Neoliberalism in Contemporary Indonesia,” Cultural Anthropology, 24(1), 2009.
Simuh, “Gerakan Protes dalam Islam di Indonesia,” Paper presented at the Panel Diskusi Analisis Kristis Berkembangnya Gerakan Sempalan di Kalangan Umat Islam Indonesia, Jakarta, 1989.
Solahudin, D., The Workshop for Morality: The Islamic Creatifity of Pesantren Darut Tauhid in Bandung, Java, Canberra: ANU E-Press, 2008.
Stange, Paul D. “‘Legitimate’ Mysticism in Indonesia,” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 2 (Summer), 1986.
Subagya, Rachmat, Kepercayaan Kebatinan Kerohanian Kejiwaan dan Agama, Yogyakarta: Yayasan Kanisius, 1976.
----, Agama Asli Indonesia, Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1981.
Sunardi, Perlindungan Lingkungan: Sebuah Perspektif dan Spiritualitas Islam, Bandung: Program Studi Magister Ilmu Lingkungan, Universitas Padjadjaran, 2008.
Tanja, Victor I., Spiritualitas Pluralitas dan Pembangunan Indonesia, Jakarta: Gunung Mulia, 1994.
Tim Penyusun Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Kamus Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, 2008.
Tollenaere, H. A. O. D., The Politic of Divine Wisdom, Theosophy and Labour, National, and Women Movements in Indonesia and South Asia 1875-1947, Leiden: Uitgeveij Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 1996.
Umar, Nasarudin, Kyai Multitalenta: Sebuah Oase Spiritual K.H. Tholhah Hasan, Jakarta: Kerjasama Al-Ghazali Center dan PT. Lista Fariska Putra, 2006.
Usman, G., “Studi Banding Pengaruh Pengajian Tasawuf dan Dzikir Terhadap Rakyat Banjar dalam Usaha Menghadapi Kolonialisme Belanda,” paper Seminar Sejarah Nasional IV di Yogyakarta 16-19 Desember 1985. Yogyakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Jakarta, 1985.
Walker, J. K., & Waldrep B., The Truth Behind The Secret: A Reasoned Response to the Runaway Bestseller, Eugene, Or.: Harvest House Publishers, 2007.
Webster’s Online Dictionary, “Spirituality,” in Webster’s Online Dictionary; http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/spirituality?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744%3Av0qd01-tdlq&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=spirituality&sa=Search#922; retrieved 15 May, 2011.
Widodo, Amrih, “Writing for God: Piety and Consuption in Popular Islam,” Inside Indonesia, 93 (Jul-Sep 2008); http://www.insideindonesia.org/edition-93-j-ul-sep-2008/writing-for-god-14091121.
Zamhari, Arif, Rituals of Islamic Spirituality: A Study of Majlis Dhikr Groups in East Java, Canberra: ANU-Press, 2010.
Zohar, Donah & Marshal, Ian, SQ, Memanfaatkan Kecerdasan Spiritual dalam Berfikir Integralistik dan Holistik untuk Memaknai Kehidupan trans. R. Astuti, A. N. Burhani & A. Baiquni, Bandung: Mizan, 2001.
----, Spiritual Capital: Memberdayakan SQ di Dunia Bisnis, trans. H. Mustofa, Bandung: Mizan, 2005.
Copyright (c) 2012 Ahmad Muttaqin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.